Cultural contributors to negative emotionality: A multilevel analysis from the Joint Effort Toddler Temperament Consortium

This study advances the cross-cultural temperament literature by comparing ratings of toddlers from 14 nations. Multilevel modeling (MLM) procedures were utilized to regress negative emotionality (NE) and component subscales on Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions while controlling for age gender. More individualistic values associated with lower NE, discomfort, fear, motor activity, perceptual sensitivity, soothability scales. The discomfort subscale was negatively power distance positively masculine values. Higher shyness related a more long-term orientation. Results illustrate feasibility an MLM approach research provide new perspective intersection culture development. Limitations future implications are discussed.